Tuples are made of several items, just like a list, but they cannot be modified in any way. They are widely used internally in many of the systems we depend on, like databases. Tuples hold data in the order we supply it, & we can access the elements inside a tuple with an index.

For example, if we have a tuple like ('chocolate chip cookies', 15) & we want to access each part of the data, we can use an index just like a list. Tuples are easier to process & more memory efficient than lists.

They are immutable, which…

Python string method split() inputs a string value & outputs a list of words contained within the string by separating or splitting the words on all the whitespaces by default. It also has an optional argument for limiting the number of splits.

The split() method converts the string into other data types like lists by breaking a string into pieces. Python provides us with two methods: .split() and .rsplit().

Both .split(), & .rsplit() take a separating element by which we are splitting the string, & a maxsplit tells us the maximum number of substrings we want.

Example of Using the .split() Method

if…elif…else are conditional statements that provide us with the decision making that is required when we want to execute code based on a particular condition.

The if…elif…else statement used in Python helps automate that decision making process.

if Condition

The if condition is considered the simplest of the three & makes a decision based on whether the condition is true or not. If the condition is true, it prints out the indented expression. If the condition is false, it skips printing the indented expression.

In Python, we can use a list function which creates a collection that can be manipulated for our analysis. This collection of data is called a list object.

While all methods are functions in Python, not all functions are methods. There is a key difference between functions & methods in Python. Functions take objects as inputs. Methods in contrast act on objects.

Python offers the following list functions:

• sort(): Sorts the list in ascending order.
• type(list): It returns the class type of an object.
• append(): Adds a single element to a list.
• extend(): Adds multiple elements to a list.
• index()…

Numpy’s random module, a suite of functions based on pseudorandom number generation. Random means something that can not be predicted logically.

np.random.seed() Function

In this example, we will stimulate a coin flip. We will use the function np.random(), which draws a number between 0 & 1 such that all numbers in this interval are equally likely to occur.

If the number we draw is less than 0.5, which has a 50% chance of happening, we say heads & tails otherwise. This type of result where results are either True (Heads) or False (Tails) is referred to as Bernoulli trial.

The pseudorandom number…

Python’s rename column is a method used to change the column nambes with Pandas’ rename function. It’s useful when we load a tabular dataset that has no column names or if we want to assign different names to specific columns.

Syntax

Its syntax is given as:

When working with data, we are often going to need to count items, create dictionaries values before we know keys to store them in, or maintain order in a dictionary.

Counter is a powerful tool for counting, validating, & learning more about the elements within a dataset that is found in the collections module. We pass an iterable (list, set, tuple) or a dictionary to the Counter. We can also use the Counter object similarly to a dictionary with key/value assignment, for example, counter[key] = value.

A common usage for Counter is checking data for consistency prior to using it.

Counter Module

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Just like in mathematics, programming languages like Python have operators. We can think of them as extremely simple functions that lie at the basis of computer science. These are the simplest operations to which a computer program can be reduced. They are essential knowledge for any aspiring Data Scientist or Software Engineer.

In this tutorial, we’ll learn about:

• The different types of operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison & Logical
• Operator Overloading
• Precedence
• Associativity

Arithmetic Operators

These will probably me the most familiar with us, since they come from basic mathematics.

The arithmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), exponent…